Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Academic Editor: Andrea Palermo. Received 17 Jun Revised 18 Aug Accepted 27 Aug Published 10 Sep Abstract Calcitonin was discovered as a peptide hormone that was known to reduce the calcium levels in the systemic circulation.
Introduction 1. Calcitonin Peptides When the level of serum calcium is raised due to parafollicular cells present in the thyroid gland, it results in the secretion of peptide calcitonin. Calcitonin in Homeostasis The serum calcium level is maintained within a narrow range of 8. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Various group research deliberately discovered the exon and silent introns and their cleavage during the maturation process in the array of eukaryotic genes [ 15 ].
Amylin The pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain amyloid in the patients of type 2 diabetes T2D. Adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin ADM was first discovered in pheochromocytoma in human peptide hormone by Kitamura et al. Intermedin Adrenomedullin 2 Mammals contain only one gene of adrenomedullin family although fishes contain 5 different kinds of genes that encode five adrenomedullin peptides [ 42 ]. Production and Conformation of Calcitonin Peptides In humans, five homologous genes encode calcitonin peptides.
Receptors of Calcitonin Peptides Calcitonin receptor belongs to the 7TM domain, also known as G-protein coupled receptor. Figure 1. Classification and composition of human calcitonin family receptors showing various receptors labeled below the figure and ligands labeled above the figure.
Figure 2. Calcitonin genes family and their respective in vitro effects on bone cells. CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide. Figure 3. Characteristic properties of the skeletal phenotype of knockout mice. References M. Favus and D. Rosen, Ed. View at: Google Scholar J. View at: Google Scholar G. View at: Google Scholar F. View at: Google Scholar D. Copp and B. Copp, E. Cameron, B. Cheney, A. Davidson, and K. Hirsch, E. Voelkel, and P. Friedman and L. Martin, C. Robinson, and I.
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Troiano, C. Gundberg, J. Gilligan, and A. Callon, G. Cornish and I. When levels of calcium in the blood increase, calcitonin is secreted in higher quantities.
When levels of calcium in the blood decrease, this causes the amount of calcitonin secreted to decrease too. The secretion of calcitonin is also inhibited by the hormone somatostatin , which can also be released by the C-cells in the thyroid gland.
There does not seem to be any direct deleterious effect on the body as a result of having too much calcitonin. Medullary thyroid cancer is a rare type of cancer that arises from the C-cells in the thyroid gland that secrete calcitonin.
It is sometimes associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b. Patients with medullary thyroid cancer have high calcitonin levels in their bloodstream. However, it is important to note that these high calcitonin levels are a consequence of this condition, not a direct causal factor. There does not seem to be any clinical effect on the body as a result of having too little calcitonin.
Patients who have had their thyroid gland removed, and have undetectable levels of calcitonin in their blood, show no adverse symptoms or signs as a result of this. About Contact Events News. Search Search. You and Your Hormones. The calcitonin receptor has been cloned and shown to be a member of the seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor family. A large and diverse set of effects has been attributed to calcitonin, but in many cases, these were seen in response to pharmacologic doses of the hormone, and their physiologic relevance is suspect.
It seems clear however, that calcitonin plays a role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In particular, calcitonin has the ability to decrease blood calcium levels at least in part by effects on two well-studied target organs:.
It seems clear that there are species differences in the importance of calcitonin as a factor affecting calcium homeostasis. In fish, rodents and some domestic animals, calcitonin appears to play a significant role in calcium homeostais.
In humans, calcitonin has at best a minor role in regulating blood concentrations of calcium. One interesting piece of evidence to support this statement is that humans with chronically increased medullary thyroid cancer or decreased surgical removal of the thyroid gland levels of calcitonin in blood usually do not show alterations from normal in serum calcium concentration.
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